In contemporary discussions on sexual violence, female-on-male sexual assault and harassment remain crucial but often obscured matters. Despite being underreported and often overlooked, female-perpetrated sexual violence is a prevalent issue that needs more discussion, analysis, research, and expanded support options for victims. 

Female-on-male sexual violence is not as rare as commonly assumed. Contrary to prevalent myths, numerous studies detail its prevalence. For instance, a comprehensive 2013 study revealed that among 18 and 19 year old perpetrators of sexual violence, males comprised 52% while females made up 48%, debunking the modern image of the predominantly male sexual offender (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2013). This notion that men are the sexually and socially dominant gender while women aren’t capable of sexual violence creates damaging, sexist stereotypes for both sexes. Furthermore, data from the U.S. Department of Justice disclosed that nearly two-thirds of male jail inmates who experienced sexual victimization identified female staff as the offenders (Beck et al., 2010), and a more recent 2023 study on over 1000 heterosexual men found that a staggering 71% had encountered sexual harassment or rape from female perpetrators (Mandjessi & Loughnan, 2023), challenging any doubts about frequency. Yet, these statistics barely scratch the surface, as male victims often grapple with societal expectations of masculinity, dominance, and eagerness for sex, which hinders their willingness to report such incidents.

This reluctance to report is worsened by societal stigmatization and stereotypes surrounding male victimization. Men who experience sexual violence are often met with incredulity or mockery by friends, family, and even law enforcement, perpetuating the misconception that men cannot be raped or harassed by women. Societal norms tend to ignore male vulnerability to sexual violence, leaving victims feeling emasculated. Many existing misconceptions downplay the existence of female-on-male rape, such as the belief that erections indicate arousal or consent. However, male erectile response is involuntary, just like female erectile response, as found in a 2004 medical study (Levin & Berlo, 2004). Male erection and orgasm are often present during female-perpetrated rape, but both are often taken by the perpetrator as signs of consent despite being involuntary, physiological responses as detailed by a recent study (Thomas and Kopel, 2023). This information is crucial for society to understand what exactly constitutes the rape of males and why bodily reactions do not mean consent.

Another misconception exists specifically in the subject of young, even underage, males being sexually assaulted by older females such as teachers and babysitters. Due to the popular “hot-for-teacher” trope and similar concepts in western society that normalize sexual attraction between adults and minors, these events often result in these boys or young men not even imagining the idea that they were raped but rather cause them to twist the experience in their mind so they can see themselves as attractive, dominant, and masculine. Being raised in a culture that supports these kinds of ideas results in men not being able to identify sexual abuse in both their lives and in others’, creating a cycle that suppresses any thought that men can be sexually exploited by women.

Beyond these established points, it's also important to recognize the psychological impact on male survivors, which is very similar to that experienced by female victims of rape. The experience of sexual violence can lead to lifelong trauma, affecting victims' mental health and relationships. Male survivors may struggle with feelings of isolation, depression, and anxiety, which are worsened by societal expectations to remain stoic and unaffected. A 2013 study on female-perpetrated rape of males found that similar to female survivors of rape, male survivors may struggle with long-term mental and physical disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, erectile dysfunction, and an aversion to sex (Fisher & Pina, 2013). These similarities in traumatic response are rarely, if it all recognized by society and media as part of the misconception that men can’t be raped to be begin with.

To address these multifaceted challenges, increased public awareness and education are imperative. Educational initiatives must not only debunk myths surrounding male victimization but also foster empathy and understanding for survivors' experiences. By promoting open dialogue and providing accurate information, society can fight harmful stereotypes and create safer environments for all survivors to come forward and seek assistance. Media representation also plays a pivotal role in shaping perceptions and attitudes towards sexual violence. Portraying male survivors sensitively and accurately in the media can help dismantle ingrained stereotypes and amplify the voices of male rape victims, validating their experiences and promoting inclusivity. 

Moreover, expanding support options and resources specifically tailored to male survivors is essential. While existing support services often prioritize female victims, there is a pressing need for gender-inclusive approaches that acknowledge and address the unique needs of male survivors. This includes establishing specialized counseling and therapy programs designed to support male survivors through their recovery journey. Additionally, legal and medical professionals must undergo training to recognize and respond effectively to male victims, ensuring that survivors receive the support and validation they deserve, rather than dismissing their reports and concerns.

While some may argue that female-on-male sexual violence is rare and therefore less deserving of attention, statistics and underreporting reveal a different reality (Madjlessi and Loughnan, 2023). The perception of rarity is a consequence of societal stigma and lack of awareness, necessitating increased attention and resources for male survivors. Similarly, the contention that focusing on female-on-male sexual violence detracts from addressing more prevalent forms of sexual violence fails to acknowledge the harmful gender stereotypes perpetuated by such oversight. Adopting a gender-inclusive approach benefits all survivors and fosters a more equitable and compassionate response to sexual violence. Male-on-female sexual violence is indeed a very important issue that is often discussed and researched, and rightfully so. However, female-on-male rape is just as valid, common, and necessary of attention.

Female-on-male sexual violence is a very common yet almost always overlooked issue that demands urgent action. By challenging misconceptions, addressing societal stigma, and fostering gender-inclusive approaches, society can create safer environments for all survivors to come forward and seek assistance. It is imperative to recognize and support male victims of sexual violence, ensuring that no survivor is left behind in the pursuit of justice and healing.

References

Beck, A. J., Harrison, P. M., Berzofsky, M., Caspar, R., & Krebs, C. (n.d.). Sexual victimization in prisons and jails reported by inmates, 2008-09 : National Inmate Survey, 2008-09. The Library of Congress. loc.gov/item/2023692033/ 

Fisher, N. L., & Pina, A. (2013). An overview of the literature on female-perpetrated adult male sexual victimization. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 54–61. doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.10.001

Levin, R. J., & van Berlo, W. (2004). Sexual arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced or non-consensual sexual stimulation – a review. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 11(2), 82–88. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2003.10.008

Madjlessi, J., & Loughnan, S. (2023). Male Sexual Victimization by Women: Incidence Rates, Mental Health, and Conformity to Gender Norms in a Sample of British Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02717-0

Thomas, J. C., & Kopel, J. (2023). Male Victims of Sexual Assault: a Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences, 13(4), 304. mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/4/304

Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2013). Prevalence Rates of Male and Female Sexual Violence Perpetrators in a National Sample of Adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(12), 1125. doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2629